What Do You Know About Jesse James. Jesse Was Born in September of 1847.

American outlaw (1847–1882)

Jesse James
James c. 1882
Born	(1847-09-05)September 5, 1847 Near Kearney, Missouri, U.Southward.
Died	April 3, 1882(1882-04-03) (aged 34) St. Joseph, Missouri, U.S. 39°45′28″N 94°fifty′39″Due west  /  39.757813°N 94.844087°W  / 39.757813; -94.844087  (Site of fatal shot killing Jesse James)
Cause of death	Gunshot wound to the head
Years agile	1866–1882
Spouse(south)	Zerelda Mimms ​ ​ (thousand. 1874; his expiry1882)​
Children	4, including Jesse
Parents	Robert S. James (father) Zerelda Cole James (mother)
Relatives	Frank James (brother) Zerelda Mimms (cousin) Wood Hite (cousin)
Signature

Jesse Woodson James (September five, 1847 – April 3, 1882) was an American outlaw, bank and railroad train robber, guerrilla, and leader of the James–Younger Gang. Raised in the "Petty Dixie" surface area of western Missouri, James and his family unit maintained strong Southern sympathies. He and his brother Frank James joined pro-Confederate guerrillas known every bit "bushwhackers" operating in Missouri and Kansas during the American Civil War. Every bit followers of William Quantrill and "Bloody Bill" Anderson, they were accused of committing atrocities confronting Union soldiers and civilian abolitionists, including the Centralia Massacre in 1864.

Subsequently the war, as members of various gangs of outlaws, Jesse and Frank robbed banks, stagecoaches, and trains across the Midwest, gaining national fame and ofttimes popular sympathy despite the brutality of their crimes. The James brothers were most active as members of their own gang from well-nigh 1866 until 1876, when as a result of their attempted robbery of a bank in Northfield, Minnesota, several members of the gang were captured or killed. They continued in criminal offense for several years afterward, recruiting new members, simply came under increasing pressure from constabulary enforcement seeking to bring them to justice. On April 3, 1882, Jesse James was shot and killed by Robert Ford, a new recruit to the gang who hoped to collect a advantage on James's head and a promised amnesty for his previous crimes. Already a celebrity in life, James became a legendary figure of the Wild West after his expiry.

Despite popular portrayals of James as an apotheosis of Robin Hood, robbing from the rich and giving to the poor, this is a instance of romantic revisionism since there is admittedly no evidence that he or his gang shared any loot from their robberies with anyone outside their network.^[1] Scholars and historians have characterized James every bit one of many criminals inspired by the regional insurgencies of ex-Confederates post-obit the Civil War, rather than equally a manifestation of alleged economic justice or of frontier lawlessness.^[two] James continues to be 1 of the most famous figures from the era, and his life has been dramatized and memorialized numerous times.

Early on life

Jesse Woodson James was born on September 5, 1847, in Clay County, Missouri, near the site of nowadays-day Kearney.^[three] This area of Missouri was largely settled by people from the Upper Due south, peculiarly Kentucky and Tennessee, and became known equally Little Dixie for this reason. James had two full siblings: his elder brother, Alexander Franklin "Frank" James, and a younger sister, Susan Lavenia James. He was of English and Scottish descent. His male parent, Robert S. James, farmed commercial hemp in Kentucky and was a Baptist minister before coming to Missouri. After he married, he migrated to Bradford, Missouri and helped found William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri.^[2] He held six slaves and more than 100 acres (0.40 km²) of farmland.

Robert traveled to California during the Gilded Rush to minister to those searching for gold;^[4] he died at that place when James was three years old.^[5] Afterwards Robert's death, his widow Zerelda remarried twice, commencement to Benjamin Simms in 1852 and and so in 1855 to Dr. Reuben Samuel, who moved into the James family home. Jesse's mother and Samuel had 4 children together: Sarah Louisa, John Thomas, Fannie Quantrell, and Archie Peyton Samuel.^{[4] [half dozen]} Zerelda and Samuel caused a total of seven slaves, who served mainly as farmhands in tobacco cultivation.^{[6] [7]}

Historical context

The arroyo of the American Civil War loomed large in the James–Samuel household. Missouri was a border land, sharing characteristics of both Northward and South, just 75% of the population was from the South or other edge states.^[4] Clay County in particular was strongly influenced by the Southern culture of its rural pioneer families. Farmers raised the same crops and livestock as in the areas from which they had migrated. They brought slaves with them and purchased more co-ordinate to their needs. The county counted more slaveholders and more slaves than most other regions of the land; in Missouri as a whole, slaves deemed for only 10 percent of the population, merely in Clay County, they constituted 25 percentage.^[8] Aside from slavery, the culture of Trivial Dixie was Southern in other ways also. This influenced how the population acted during and for a period of time after the war.

Later the passage of the Kansas–Nebraska Act in 1854, Clay County became the scene of great turmoil equally the question of whether slavery would be expanded into the neighboring Kansas Territory bred tension and hostility. Many people from Missouri migrated to Kansas to try to influence its future. Much of the dramatic build-up to the Civil War centered on the violence that erupted on the Kansas–Missouri border betwixt pro- and anti-slavery militias.^{[7] [9]}

American Civil War

After a series of campaigns and battles between conventional armies in 1861, guerrilla warfare gripped Missouri, waged between secessionist "bushwhackers" and Wedlock forces which largely consisted of local militias known equally "jayhawkers". A bitter conflict ensued, resulting in an escalating bicycle of atrocities committed by both sides. Confederate guerrillas murdered noncombatant Unionists, executed prisoners, and scalped the dead. The Wedlock presence enforced martial police force with raids on homes, arrests of civilians, summary executions, and banishment of Confederate sympathizers from the state.^[10]

The James–Samuel family unit sided with the Confederates at the outbreak of war.^[11] Frank James joined a local visitor recruited for the secessionist Drew Lobbs Army, and fought at the Battle of Wilson's Creek in August 1861. He fell ill and returned habitation shortly subsequently. In 1863, he was identified as a fellow member of a guerrilla team that operated in Dirt County. In May of that year, a Union militia company raided the James–Samuel subcontract looking for Frank'due south grouping. They tortured Reuben Samuel by briefly hanging him from a tree. Co-ordinate to fable, they lashed young Jesse.^[four]

Quantrill'southward Raiders

Frank James eluded capture and was believed to have joined the guerrilla arrangement led by William C. Quantrill known as Quantrill'southward Raiders. Information technology is idea that he took part in the notorious massacre of some two hundred men and boys in Lawrence, Kansas, a center of abolitionists.^{[12] [13]} Frank followed Quantrill to Sherman, Texas, over the winter of 1863–1864. In the bound he returned in a squad allowable by Fletch Taylor. Afterwards they arrived in Dirt Canton, xvi-year-old Jesse James joined his brother in Taylor's group.^[4]

Taylor was severely wounded in the summer of 1864, losing his correct arm to a shotgun blast. The James brothers and so joined the bushwhacker grouping led past William "Bloody Neb" Anderson. Jesse suffered a serious wound to the chest that summertime. The Clay Canton provost marshal reported that both Frank and Jesse James took part in the Centralia Massacre in September, in which guerrillas stopped a train conveying unarmed Matrimony soldiers returning dwelling house from duty and killed or wounded some 22 of them; the guerrillas scalped and dismembered some of the dead. The guerrillas also ambushed and defeated a pursuing regiment of Major A. V. E. Johnson's Spousal relationship troops, killing all who tried to surrender, who numbered more than 100. Frank later identified Jesse equally a member of the band who had fatally shot Major Johnson.^[xiv]

Equally a result of the James brothers' activities, Union military authorities forced their family to leave Dirt County. Though ordered to move S beyond Union lines, they moved north across the nearby land border into Nebraska Territory.^[fifteen]

After "Bloody Bill" Anderson was killed in an ambush in Oct, the James brothers separated. Frank followed Quantrill into Kentucky, while Jesse went to Texas under the command of Archie Clement, i of Anderson's lieutenants. He is known to have returned to Missouri in the jump.^[14] At the age of 17, Jesse suffered the second of ii life-threatening breast wounds when he was shot while trying to surrender later they ran into a Union cavalry patrol virtually Lexington, Missouri.^{[16] [17]}

Later the Ceremonious War

Dirt County Savings in Liberty, Missouri

At the cease of the Civil War, Missouri remained deeply divided. The conflict dissever the population into three bitterly opposed factions: anti-slavery Unionists identified with the Republican Party; segregationist conservative Unionists identified with the Democratic Political party; and pro-slavery, ex-Confederate secessionists, many of whom were also allied with the Democrats, particularly in the southern part of the country.

The Republican-dominated Reconstruction legislature passed a new land constitution that freed Missouri's slaves. It temporarily excluded one-time Confederates from voting, serving on juries, becoming corporate officers, or preaching from church building pulpits. The atmosphere was volatile, with widespread clashes betwixt individuals and between armed gangs of veterans from both sides of the war.^{[18] [19]}

Jesse recovered from his breast wound at his uncle's boardinghouse in Harlem, Missouri (north across the Missouri River from the Metropolis of Kansas's River Quay [changed to Kansas Urban center in 1889]). He was tended to by his first cousin, Zerelda "Zee" Mimms, named after Jesse's mother.^[xiv] Jesse and his cousin began a nine-year courtship that culminated in their union. Meanwhile, his sometime commander Archie Clement kept his bushwhacker gang together and began to harass Republican authorities.^[11]

These men were the likely culprits in the kickoff daylight armed banking company robbery in the U.s.a. during peacetime,^[20] the robbery of the Clay County Savings Clan in the boondocks of Liberty, Missouri, on February thirteen, 1866. The banking concern was owned past Republican sometime militia officers who had recently conducted the first Republican Party rally in Clay County'south history. During the gang'southward escape from the town, an innocent bystander, 17-year-old George C. "Jolly" Wymore, a student at William Jewell College, was shot dead on the street.^[21]

It remains unclear whether Jesse and Frank took part in the Clay County robbery. After the James brothers successfully conducted other robberies and became legendary, some observers retroactively credited them with beingness the leaders of the robbery.^[xiv] Others accept argued that Jesse was at the fourth dimension still bedridden with his wound and could not have participated. No evidence has been found that connects either brother to the law-breaking or that conclusively rules them out.^[22] On June xiii, 1866, in Jackson Canton, Missouri, the gang freed 2 jailed members of Quantrill's gang, killing the jailer in the endeavor.^[23] Historians believe that the James brothers were involved in this crime.

Local violence continued to increase in the state; Governor Thomas Cloudless Fletcher had recently ordered a company of militia into Johnson County to suppress guerrilla activity.^[24] Archie Clement connected his career of crime and harassment of the Republican government, to the extent of occupying the town of Lexington, Missouri, on election mean solar day in 1866. Presently afterward, the land militia shot Cloudless expressionless. James wrote nearly this death with bitterness a decade later.^{[21] [22]}

The survivors of Clement'southward gang continued to conduct banking concern robberies during the next two years, though their numbers dwindled through arrests, gunfights, and lynchings. While they afterwards tried to justify robbing the banks, virtually of their targets were small, local banks based on local capital, and the robberies merely penalized the locals they claimed to back up.^[25] On May 23, 1867, for example, they robbed a depository financial institution in Richmond, Missouri, in which they killed the mayor and two others.^{[xiv] [26]} It remains uncertain whether either of the James brothers took part, although an eyewitness who knew the brothers told a newspaper seven years later "positively and emphatically that he recognized Jesse and Frank James... among the robbers."^[27] In 1868, Frank and Jesse James allegedly joined Cole Younger in robbing a banking concern in Russellville, Kentucky.

Jesse James did non become well known until December 7, 1869, when he (and most probable Frank) robbed the Daviess County Savings Clan in Gallatin, Missouri. The robbery netted little money. Jesse is believed to have shot and killed the cashier, Captain John Sheets, mistakenly assertive him to be Samuel P. Cox, the militia officer who had killed "Bloody Bill" Anderson during the Ceremonious State of war.^[28]

James claimed he was taking revenge, and the daring escape he and Frank fabricated through the middle of a posse shortly afterward attracted newspaper coverage for the first time.^{[29] [30]} An 1882 history of Daviess Canton said, "The history of Daviess County has no blacker crime in its pages than the murder of John West. Sheets."^[31]

Land of Missouri vs. Frank & Jesse James including indictment; capias to Clay & Jackson Counties; sheriff's returns; warrant to any sheriff or marshall of the Criminal Court in Missouri. Courtesy of the Missouri State Archives.

The simply known ceremonious case involving Frank and Jesse James was filed in the Common Pleas Court of Daviess County in 1870. In the case, Daniel Smoote asked for $223.50 from Frank and Jesse James to supplant a horse, saddle, and bridle stolen as they fled the robbery of the Daviess County Savings Depository financial institution. The brothers denied the charges, proverb they were not in Daviess County on Dec 7, the day the robbery occurred. Frank and Jesse failed to appear in court, and Smoote won his case against them.^[32] It is unlikely that he always nerveless the money due.

The 1869 robbery marked the emergence of Jesse James as the most famous survivor of the former Amalgamated bushwhackers. It was the first fourth dimension he was publicly labeled an "outlaw"; Missouri Governor Thomas T. Crittenden fix a reward for his capture.^[31] This was the beginning of an alliance between James and John Newman Edwards, editor and founder of the Kansas City Times. Edwards, a former Amalgamated cavalryman, was campaigning to return former secessionists to power in Missouri. Six months after the Gallatin robbery, Edwards published the first of many letters from Jesse James to the public asserting his innocence. Over time, the letters gradually became more than political in tone and James denounced the Republicans and expressed his pride in his Confederate loyalties. Together with Edwards'south admiring editorials, the letters helped James become a symbol of Confederate defiance of federal Reconstruction policy. James's initiative in creating his rising public profile is debated by historians and biographers. The high tensions in politics accompanied his outlaw career and enhanced his notoriety.^{[thirty] [33]}

James–Younger Gang

Meanwhile, the James brothers joined with Cole Younger and his brothers John, Jim, and Bob, besides as Clell Miller and other old Confederates, to form what came to be known equally the James–Younger Gang. With Jesse James as the almost public face of the gang (though with operational leadership probable shared among the group), the gang carried out a cord of robberies from Iowa to Texas, and from Kansas to West Virginia.^[34] They robbed banks, stagecoaches, and a off-white in Kansas City, often conveying out their crimes in front of crowds, and even hamming it up for the bystanders.

On July 21, 1873, they turned to train robbery, derailing a Rock Island Line train west of Adair, Iowa, and stealing approximately $3,000 (equivalent to $65,000 in 2020). For this, they wore Ku Klux Klan masks. By this fourth dimension, the Klan had been suppressed in the South past President Grant'due south use of the Enforcement Acts. Old rebels attacked the railroads as symbols of threatening centralization.^[35]

The gang'south after train robberies had a lighter touch. The gang held up passengers just twice, choosing in all other incidents to accept but the contents of the express prophylactic in the baggage auto. John Newman Edwards fabricated sure to highlight such techniques when creating an image of James as a kind of Robin Hood. Despite public sentiment toward the gang's crimes, there is no prove that the James gang always shared any of the robbery money outside their personal circumvolve.^[33]

Jesse and his cousin Zee married on April 24, 1874. They had two children who survived to adulthood: Jesse Edward James (b. 1875) and Mary Susan James (later Barr, b. 1879).^[36] Twins Gould and Montgomery James (b. 1878) died in infancy. Jesse Jr. became a lawyer who skilful in Kansas City, Missouri, and Los Angeles, California.^[37]

Pinkertons

In 1874, the Adams Express Visitor turned to the Pinkerton National Detective Bureau to cease the James–Younger Gang. The Chicago-based agency worked primarily against urban professional person criminals, equally well as providing industrial security, such as strike breaking. Considering the gang received support by many quondam Confederate soldiers in Missouri, they eluded the Pinkertons. Joseph Whicher, an amanuensis dispatched to infiltrate Zerelda Samuel'southward subcontract, was soon constitute killed. Two other agents, Helm Louis J. Lull and John Boyle, were sent afterward the Youngers; Lull was killed past two of the Youngers in a roadside gunfight on March 17, 1874. Before he died, Lull fatally shot John Younger. A deputy sheriff named Edwin Daniels also died in the skirmish.^{[38] [39]}

External video
Booknotes interview with Ted Yeatman on Frank and Jesse James: The Story Backside the Legend, October 28, 2001, C-Bridge

Allan Pinkerton, the bureau's founder and leader, took on the case equally a personal vendetta. He began to piece of work with former Unionists who lived near the James family unit farm. On the nighttime of Jan 25, 1875, he staged a raid on the homestead. Detectives threw an incendiary device into the house; information technology exploded, killing James's young half-brother Archie (named for Archie Clement) and blowing off one of Zerelda Samuel'southward artillery. Afterward, Pinkerton denied that the raid'south intent was arson. But biographer Ted Yeatman found a letter by Pinkerton in the Library of Congress in which Pinkerton declared his intention to "burn the house downwardly."^{[40] [41]}

Many residents were outraged by the raid on the family unit home. The Missouri state legislature narrowly defeated a bill that praised the James and Younger brothers and offered them amnesty.^[11] Immune to vote and hold office again, former Confederates in the legislature voted to limit the size of rewards the governor could offering for fugitives. This extended a measure out of protection over the James–Younger gang by minimizing the incentive for attempting to capture them. The governor had offered rewards college than the new limit only on Frank and Jesse James.^{[42] [43]}

Across a creek and up a loma from the James house was the domicile of Daniel Askew, who is thought to have been killed past James or his gang on April 12, 1875. They may have suspected Beveled of cooperating with the Pinkertons in the January 1875 arson of the James business firm.^{[ citation needed ]}

Downfall of the gang

On September vii, 1876, the opening day of hunting flavour in Minnesota, the James–Younger gang attempted a raid on the First National Banking company of Northfield, Minnesota. The robbery speedily went incorrect, nevertheless, and subsequently the robbery merely Frank and Jesse James remained alive and free.^[44]

Cole and Bob Younger afterwards said they selected the bank considering they believed it was associated with the Republican politician Adelbert Ames, the governor of Mississippi during Reconstruction, and Union general Benjamin Butler, Ames's begetter-in-law and the Union commander of occupied New Orleans. Ames was a stockholder in the depository financial institution, but Butler had no straight connection to information technology.^[45]

The gang attempted to rob the bank in Northfield at virtually 2 pm. To carry out the robbery, the gang divided into two groups. Three men entered the bank, ii guarded the door outside, and three remained near a bridge across an side by side square. The robbers inside the bank were thwarted when acting cashier Joseph Lee Heywood refused to open the safe, falsely claiming that information technology was secured by a time lock even equally they held a Bowie knife to his pharynx and croaky his skull with a pistol butt. Assistant cashier Alonzo Enos Bunker was wounded in the shoulder every bit he fled through the dorsum door of the bank. Meanwhile, the citizens of Northfield grew suspicious of the men guarding the door and raised the alarm. The five bandits outside fired into the air to clear the streets, driving the townspeople to take embrace and burn down back from protected positions. They shot two bandits dead and wounded the rest in the barrage. Inside, the outlaws turned to flee. Every bit they left, one shot the unarmed cashier Heywood in the caput. Historians accept speculated well-nigh the identity of the shooter but take not reached consensus.

The gang barely escaped Northfield, leaving two dead companions behind. They killed Heywood and Nicholas Gustafson, a Swedish immigrant from the Millersburg community west of Northfield. A substantial manhunt ensued. It is believed that the gang burned 14 Rice County mills shortly afterwards the robbery.^[46] The James brothers eventually split from the others and escaped to Missouri. The militia presently discovered the Youngers and ane other brigand, Charlie Pitts. Pitts died in a gunfight and the Youngers were taken prisoner. Except for Frank and Jesse James, the James–Younger Gang was destroyed.^{[47] [48]}

Subsequently in 1876, Jesse and Frank James surfaced in the Nashville, Tennessee, expanse, where they went by the names of Thomas Howard and B. J. Woodson, respectively. Frank seemed to settle downward, simply Jesse remained restless. He recruited a new gang in 1879 and returned to crime, property upwards a train at Glendale, Missouri (now function of Independence),^[49] on October eight, 1879. The robbery was the offset in a spree of crimes, including the holdup of the federal paymaster of a canal project in Killen, Alabama, and ii more train robberies. But the new gang was non made upwards of boxing-hardened guerrillas; they soon turned confronting each other or were captured. James grew suspicious of other members; he scared away one man and some believe that he killed another gang member.

In 1879, the James gang robbed ii stores in far western Mississippi, at Washington in Adams Canton and Fayette in Jefferson County. The gang left with $ii,000 cash from the 2nd robbery and took shelter in abandoned cabins on the Kemp Plantation south of St. Joseph, Louisiana. A police enforcement posse attacked and killed two of the outlaws merely failed to capture the entire gang. Among the deputies was Jefferson B. Snyder, after a long-serving district attorney in northeastern Louisiana.^[fifty]

By 1881, with local Tennessee regime growing suspicious, the brothers returned to Missouri, where they felt safer. James moved his family to St. Joseph, Missouri, in November 1881, not far from where he had been born and reared. Frank, however, decided to movement to safer territory and headed east to settle in Virginia. They intended to give upwards crime. The James gang had been reduced to the ii of them.^{[51] [52]}

Death

Site at 1318 Lafayette Street, where James was killed. To the correct is the height of Patee Business firm, where his widow Zerelda stayed after his expiry. His house was subsequently moved to the Belt Highway and later to its current location on the Patee House grounds.

Jesse James'southward home in St. Joseph, where he was shot (currently at the grounds of the Patee House)

With his gang nearly annihilated, James trusted simply the Ford brothers, Charley and Robert.^[53] Although Charley had been out on raids with James, Bob Ford was an eager new recruit. For protection, James asked the Ford brothers to motility in with him and his family. James had oftentimes stayed with their sis Martha Bolton and, according to rumor, he was "smitten" with her.^[1] By that fourth dimension, Bob Ford had conducted underground negotiations with Missouri Governor Thomas T. Crittenden, planning to bring in the famous outlaw.^[53] Crittenden had fabricated capture of the James brothers his top priority; in his countdown address he declared that no political motives could be allowed to keep them from justice. Barred by law from offering a large reward, he had turned to the railroad and express corporations to put up a $five,000 compensation for the delivery of each of them and an additional $five,000 for the conviction of either of them.^[54]

A woodcut shows Robert Ford famously shooting Jesse James in the back while he hangs a picture in his house. Ford'southward brother Charles looks on.^[55]

On April iii, 1882, after eating breakfast, the Fords and Jameses went into the living room before traveling to Platte City for a robbery. From the newspaper, James had just learned that gang member Dick Liddil had confessed to participating in Woods Hite's murder. He was suspicious that the Fords had not told him most it. Robert Ford afterwards said he believed that James had realized they were at that place to betray him. Instead of confronting them, James walked beyond the living room and laid his revolvers on a sofa. He turned around and noticed a dusty picture show above the mantle, and stood on a chair to clean information technology. Robert Ford drew his weapon and shot the unarmed Jesse James in the dorsum of the caput.^{[56] [57] [58]} James'southward two previous bullet wounds and partially missing middle finger served to positively identify the trunk.^[xiv]

The death of Jesse James became a national awareness. The Fords made no attempt to hibernate their part. Robert Ford wired the governor to claim his reward. Crowds pressed into the little house in St. Joseph to see the expressionless bandit. The Ford brothers surrendered to the authorities and were dismayed to be charged with outset-degree murder. In the grade of a single twenty-four hours, the Ford brothers were indicted, pleaded guilty, were sentenced to death by hanging, and were granted a full pardon past Governor Crittenden.^[59] The governor's quick pardon suggested he knew the brothers intended to impale James rather than capture him. The implication that the chief executive of Missouri conspired to kill a private citizen startled the public and added to James's notoriety.^{[threescore] [61] [62]}

After receiving a small portion of the reward, the Fords fled Missouri. Sheriff James Timberlake and Marshal Henry H. Craig, who were law enforcement officials agile in the program, were awarded the majority of the bounty.^[63] Afterward, the Ford brothers starred in a touring stage show in which they reenacted the shooting.^{[64] [65]} Public stance was divided between those against the Fords for murdering Jesse and those of the opinion that it had been fourth dimension for the outlaw to be stopped. Suffering from tuberculosis (then incurable) and a morphine addiction, Charley Ford committed suicide on May half-dozen, 1884, in Richmond, Missouri. Bob Ford operated a tent saloon in Creede, Colorado. On June 8, 1892, Edward O'Kelley went to Creede, loaded a double-butt shotgun, entered Ford's saloon and said "Hi, Bob" earlier shooting Ford in the throat, killing him instantly. O'Kelley was sentenced to life in prison, simply his sentence was subsequently commuted because of a 7,000-signature petition in favor of his release, every bit well equally a medical status. The Governor of Colorado pardoned him on Oct iii, 1902.^[66]

Jesse James Gravestone in Kearney, Missouri.

James's original grave was on his family property, but he was later moved to a cemetery in Kearney. The original footstone is still there, although the family has replaced the headstone. James's mother Zerelda Samuel wrote the following epitaph for him: "In Loving Retention of my Love Son, Murdered past a Traitor and Coward Whose Proper noun is not Worthy to Appear Here."^[53] James'due south widow Zerelda Mimms James died alone and in poverty.

Rumors of survival

Rumors of Jesse James's survival proliferated nigh as before long as the newspapers announced his decease. Some said that Robert Ford killed someone other than James in an elaborate plot to permit him to escape justice.^[xi] These tales accept received little credence, then or since. None of James'due south biographers accepted them as plausible. The body buried in Kearney, Missouri, marked "Jesse James" was exhumed in 1995 and subjected to mitochondrial DNA typing. The report, prepared by Anne C. Stone, Ph.D., James Eastward. Starrs, Fifty.L.Chiliad., and Marker Stoneking, Ph.D., confirmed that the mtDNA recovered from the remains was consistent with the mtDNA of one of James'southward relatives in the female person line.^[67]

The theme of survival was featured in a 2009 documentary, Jesse James' Hidden Treasure, which aired on the History Channel. The documentary was dismissed every bit pseudo history and pseudoscience by historian Nancy Samuelson in a review she wrote for the Winter 2009–2010 edition of The James-Younger Gang Periodical.^[68]

J. Frank Dalton claimed to be Jesse James. Dalton was allegedly 101 years old at the time of his first public appearance, in May 1948. Dalton died Baronial 15, 1951, in Granbury, Texas.^[69] Oran Baker, Hood County sheriff, conducted a visual postmortem exam and found he had thirty-ii bullet wounds and a rope burn around his neck. He was cached in Granbury Cemetery, where the headstone bears the name of "Jesse Woodson James".^[70] His story did not hold upward to questioning from James'southward surviving relatives.^[71]

Legacy

James'due south turn to crime after the end of the Reconstruction era helped cement his place in American life and memory as a simple but remarkably constructive brigand. After 1873, he was covered by the national media every bit part of social banditry.^[72] During his lifetime, James was celebrated chiefly past erstwhile Confederates, to whom he appealed straight in his letters to the press. Displaced past Reconstruction, the antebellum political leadership mythologized the James Gang's exploits. Frank Triplett wrote virtually James as a "progressive neo-blueblood" with "purity of race".^[73] Some historians credit James's myth as contributing to the rising of erstwhile Confederates to dominance in Missouri politics.^{[ commendation needed ]} In the 1880s, both U.Southward. Senators from the state, erstwhile Amalgamated military commander Francis Cockrell, and former Amalgamated Congressman George Graham Belong, were identified with the Amalgamated cause.

In the 1880s, after James'south decease, the James Gang became the bailiwick of dime novels that represented the bandits as pre-industrial models of resistance.^[73] During the Populist and Progressive eras, James became an icon as America's Robin Hood, continuing up against corporations in defense of the small farmer, robbing from the rich and giving to the poor. In that location is no evidence that he shared the boodle of his robberies with anyone other than his gang members; they alone enjoyed the riches with him.^[1]

In the 1950s, James was pictured as a psychologically troubled man rather than a social insubordinate. Some filmmakers portrayed the former outlaw as a revenger, replacing "social with exclusively personal motives."^[74] While his "heroic outlaw" image is commonly portrayed in films, as well as in songs and folklore, since the tardily 20th century, historians such as Stiles have classified him as a self-aware vigilante and terrorist who used local tensions to create his own myth among the widespread insurgent guerrillas and vigilantes following the American Civil State of war.^[2]

Jesse James remains a controversial symbol, 1 who tin always exist reinterpreted in various ways according to cultural tensions and needs. Some of the neo-Confederate movement regard him every bit a hero.^{[60] [75] [76]} Just renewed cultural battles over the identify of the Ceremonious War in American history have replaced the long-standing interpretation of James as a Western borderland hero.

Museums

Museums and sites devoted to Jesse James:

• James Farm in Kearney, Missouri: In 1974, Clay County, Missouri, bought the holding. The county operates the site as a house museum and historic site.^[77] Information technology was listed on the National Annals of Historic Places in 1972, with a purlieus increase in 1978.^[78]
• Jesse James Habitation Museum: The house where Jesse James was killed in south St. Joseph was moved in 1939 to the Chugalug Highway on St. Joseph'due south e side to concenter tourists. In 1977, information technology was moved to its current location, near Patee Business firm, which was the headquarters of the Pony Express. The house is owned and operated by the Pony Express Historical Association.^[79]
• The Jesse James Banking company Museum, on the foursquare in Liberty, Missouri, is the site of the commencement daylight bank robbery in the United States in peacetime. The museum is managed past Clay County along with the James Subcontract Home and Museum outside of Kearney.^[80]
• First National Bank of Northfield: The Northfield Historical Guild in Northfield, Minnesota, has restored the edifice that housed the Starting time National Bank, the scene of the 1876 raid.^[81]
• Heaton Bowman Funeral Home, 36th Street and Frederick Artery, St. Joseph, Missouri: The funeral home's predecessor conducted the original dissection and funeral for Jesse James. A room in the back holds the log book and other documentation.
• The Jesse James Tavern is located in Asdee, County Kerry, Ireland. It has been claimed that James's ancestors were from that area of Ireland.^[82] But documented testify suggests that on his father's side, Jesse was a 3rd-generation American of English language descent.^{[83] [84]}
• Co-ordinate to the National Park Service, Jesse James has a historical connection to Mammoth Cave National Park, having reportedly occupied some of the cave'south inner areas during his escapes from the law, and having committed a stage passenger vehicle robbery betwixt Cave Metropolis and Mammoth Cave.^{[85] [86]} These claims are disputed, as, according to Katie Cielinski, a local cave proficient, "If every cave that claims Jesse James had been there (was valid), Jesse James would never accept been on the surface."^[87] Information technology is probable these legends are based on the ample evidence that the Kentucky cavern arrangement played host to outlaw camps in general.

Festivals

The Defeat of Jesse James Days in Northfield, Minnesota, is among the largest outdoor celebrations in the state.^[88] It is held annually in September during the weekend afterward Labor Day. Thousands of visitors sentry reenactments of the robbery, a title rodeo, a carnival, performances of a 19th-century style melodrama musical, and a parade during the five-mean solar day outcome.^[89]

Jesse James's boyhood home in Kearney, Missouri, is operated every bit a museum dedicated to the town'south almost famous resident. Each year a recreational fair, the Jesse James Festival, is held during the third weekend in September.^[90]

The almanac Victorian Festival in Bailiwick of jersey County, Illinois, is held on Labor 24-hour interval weekend^[91] at the 1866 Col. William H. Fulkerson estate Hazel Dell. Festivities include telling Jesse James's history in stories and past reenactments of stagecoach holdups. Over the three-twenty-four hours event, thousands of spectators acquire of the documented James Gang's stopover at Hazel Dell and of their connexion with ex-Confederate Fulkerson.

Russellville, Kentucky, the site of the robbery of the Southern Bank in 1868, holds a reenactment of the robbery every year as of the Logan County Tobacco and Heritage Festival.^[92]

The pocket-sized town of Oak Grove, Louisiana, also hosts a boondocks-broad annual Jesse James Outlaw Roundup Festival, commonly in the early on to mid autumn. This is a reference to a short fourth dimension James supposedly spent about this area.^[93]

Cultural depictions

References

1. ^ ^{a b c} Hayworth, Wil (September 17, 2007). "A story of myth, fame, Jesse James". The Seattle Times. Archived from the original on Dec 29, 2008. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
2. ^ ^{a b c} Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Terminal Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
3. ^ Burlingame, Jeff (March one, 2010). Jesse James: I Will Never Give up. Enslow Publishers, Inc. p. 12. ISBN9780766033535.
4. ^ ^{a b c d east} Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Proper name, or, Fact and Fiction Concerning the Careers of the Notorious James Brothers of Missouri. University of Nebraska Press. pp. seven, 12, 16, 26. ISBN0-8032-5860-7 . Retrieved Dec vii, 2008.
5. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Terminal Rebel of the Civil State of war. Knopf Publishing. pp. 23–six. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
6. ^ ^{a b} Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Backside the Fable. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 26–8. ISBN1-58182-325-8.
7. ^ ^{a b} Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Concluding Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 26–55. ISBN0-375-40583-half-dozen.
8. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Terminal Rebel of the Ceremonious War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 37–46. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
9. ^ Hurt, R. Douglas (1992). Agriculture and Slavery in Missouri's Little Dixie. University of Missouri Press. ISBN0-8262-0854-i.
10. ^ Fellman, Michael (1990). Inside War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri onto the American Civil War. Oxford University Printing. pp. 61–143. ISBN0-19-506471-ii.
11. ^ ^{a b c d} Andrews, Dale C (June xviii, 2013). "Jesse James and Meramec Caverns". Route 66. Washington: SleuthSayers.
12. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland Firm Publishing. pp. 30–45. ISBNone-58182-325-8.
13. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Final Rebel of the Ceremonious War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 61–two, 84–91. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
14. ^ ^{a b c d due east f} Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 28–35. ISBN978-0-8032-5860-0 . Retrieved December 7, 2008.
15. ^ Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 140–41. ISBN978-0-8032-5860-0 . Retrieved December vii, 2008.
16. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 48–58, 62–three, 72–5. ISBN1-58182-325-eight.
17. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Final Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 100–11, 121–3, 136–7, 140–1, 150–4. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
18. ^ Parrish, William E. (1965). Missouri Under Radical Rule, 1865–1870 . Academy of Missouri Press. ASIN B0014QRLJC.
19. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 149–67. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
20. ^ "PBS.org Jesse James Banking company Robberies". PBS . Retrieved February 12, 2009.
21. ^ ^{a b} Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Insubordinate of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 168–75, 179–87. ISBN0-375-40583-vi.
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23. ^ "Jailer Henry Bugler, Jackson County Sheriff's Office, Missouri". Retrieved February 5, 2014.
24. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Concluding Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. p. 173. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
25. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Insubordinate of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. p. 238. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
26. ^ "Deputy Sheriff Frank S. Griffin, Ray County Sheriff's Department". Officer Down Memorial Folio. Retrieved October 3, 2008.
27. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 192–95. ISBN0-375-40583-six.
28. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 91–eight. ISBNone-58182-325-8.
29. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Final Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 190–206. ISBN0-375-40583-half dozen.
30. ^ ^{a b} Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Proper noun, or, Fact and Fiction Concerning the Careers of the Notorious James Brothers of Missouri. Academy of Nebraska Press. ISBN0-8032-5860-7 . Retrieved December 7, 2008.
31. ^ ^{a b} "Ceremonious lawsuit confronting Frank & Jesse James". Daviess County Historical Society. August 30, 2007. Archived from the original on Feb i, 2009. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
32. ^ Missouri Country Archives. "Frank and Jesse James Court Documents from Daviess Canton". Missouri Digital Heritage. Missouri Function of the Secretary of State. Retrieved August 4, 2016.
33. ^ ^{a b} Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 207–48. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
34. ^ Old Military camp of Jesse and Frank James: The states 380, approximately 5 miles east of Decatur: Texas mark #3700 – Texas Historical Committee
35. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 236–238. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
36. ^ Monaco, Ralph A., II (2012). Son Of A Bandit, Jesse James & The Leeds Gang, Monaco Publishing, 50.Fifty.C. Sonofabandit.com. 2012. ISBN978-0578104263 . Retrieved September 6, 2012.
37. ^ "Original reference: Los Angeles Times, Orange County Edition, Baronial 25, 2001, Folio F2". Ericjames.org. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
38. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 111–xx. ISBNone-58182-325-viii.
39. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Insubordinate of the Ceremonious War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 249–58. ISBN0-375-40583-six.
40. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 128–44. ISBN1-58182-325-8.
41. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Insubordinate of the Civil State of war. Knopf Publishing. pp. 272–85. ISBN0-375-40583-six.
42. ^ Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Proper name. Academy of Nebraska Press. pp. 76–84. ISBN978-0-8032-5860-0 . Retrieved Dec seven, 2008.
43. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 286–305. ISBN1-58182-325-8.
44. ^ "St. Joseph History — Jesse James". St. Joseph, Missouri. Archived from the original on January 24, 2009. Retrieved Dec 7, 2008.
45. ^ Stiles, T. J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 324–v. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
46. ^ "An Inventory of the Northfield (Minnesota) Banking company Robbery of 1876: Selected Manuscripts Drove". Mnhs.org. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
47. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Backside the Legend. Cumberland Business firm Publishing. pp. 169–86. ISBNi-58182-325-8.
48. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Insubordinate of the Ceremonious War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 326–47. ISBN0-375-40583-half-dozen.
49. ^ "Skillful Detective Work; Some other of the James Gang Captured in Missouri". The New York Times. March nineteen, 1889.
50. ^ "Jefferson B. Snyder". New Orleans Times-Fiddling, Apr xv, 1938. Retrieved July 22, 2013.
51. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Fable. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 193–270. ISBNane-58182-325-8.
52. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Ceremonious War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 351–73. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
53. ^ ^{a b c} Rex, Susan (September 17, 2007). "1 more shot at the legend of Jesse James". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved December 7, 2008.
54. ^ Hanes, Elizabeth. "Jesse James Wanted Poster Goes Upward for Auction". History.com. A&E Goggle box Networks. Retrieved September 17, 2018.
55. ^ Dove, Laurie L. (May 31, 2013). "10 of History's Most Notorious Traitors". HowStuffWorks. InfoSpace Holdings LLC. System1 Company. Retrieved September 5, 2018.
56. ^ "Jesse James Shot Downward. Killed By I Of His Confederates Who Claims To Be A Detective". New York Times. Apr 4, 1882. Retrieved December ix, 2008. A keen awareness was erected in this metropolis this morning by the announcement that Jesse James, the notorious bandit and railroad train-robber, had been shot and killed here. The news spread with great rapidity, but nearly persons received information technology with doubts until investigation established the fact beyond question.
57. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Ceremonious War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 363–75. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
58. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing. pp. 264–9. ISBN1-58182-325-8.
59. ^ "Jesse James's Murderers. The Ford Brothers Indicted, Plead Guilty, Sentenced To Be Hanged, And Pardoned All In Ane Day". New York Times. April 18, 1882. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
60. ^ ^{a b} Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 376–81. ISBN0-375-40583-6.
61. ^ Yeatman, Ted P. (2000). Frank and Jesse James: The Story Backside the Legend. Cumberland Firm Publishing. pp. 270–ii. ISBN1-58182-325-8.
62. ^ Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Proper noun. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 117–36. ISBN978-0-8032-5860-0 . Retrieved December seven, 2008.
63. ^ "Feared past Jesse James". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Spokane, Washington. March 10, 1891. p. 1. Retrieved August half-dozen, 2012.
64. ^ Stiles, T.J. (2002). Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Civil War. Knopf Publishing. pp. 378, 395–95. ISBN0-375-40583-half dozen.
65. ^ Stiles
66. ^ Ries, Judith (1994). Ed O'Kelley: The Man Who Murdered Jesse James' Murderer. Stewart Printing and Publishing Co. ISBN0-934426-61-9.
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68. ^ Leaf Blower (April 2, 2010). "James-Younger Gang Journal pans Jesse James' Hidden Treasure". Ericjames.org. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
69. ^ Kross, Peter (November 25, 2015). American Conspiracy Files: The Stories We Were Never Told. SCB Distributors. p. 46. ISBN9781939149619.
70. ^ Saltarelli, Mary Estelle Gott (2009). Historic Hood County: An Illustrated History. HPN Books. p. 60. ISBN9781935377085.
71. ^ Walker, Dale 50. (November 15, 1998). Legends and Lies: Great Mysteries of the American West. Forge Books. pp. 87–110. ISBN0-312-86848-0.
72. ^ Slotkin, Richard (1998). Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Frontier in Twentieth-Century America. Academy of Oklahoma Press. p. 128. ISBN0-8061-3031-eight.
73. ^ ^{a b} Slotkin, Richard (1998). Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Borderland in Twentieth-Century America. University of Oklahoma Printing. pp. 134–136. ISBN0-8061-3031-eight.
74. ^ Slotkin, Richard (1998). Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Borderland in Twentieth-Century America. University of Oklahoma Printing. pp. 381–382. ISBN0-8061-3031-8.
75. ^ Slotkin, Richard (1998). Gunfighter Nation: The Myth of the Borderland in Twentieth-Century America. University of Oklahoma Printing. pp. 125–55. ISBN0-8061-3031-8.
76. ^ Settle, William A. (1977). Jesse James Was His Name. University of Nebraska Press. pp. 149–201. ISBN978-0-8032-5860-0 . Retrieved December 7, 2008.
77. ^ "Friends of the James Farm". Jessejames.org. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
78. ^ "National Annals Information System". National Register of Celebrated Places. National Park Service. July 9, 2010.
79. ^ "St. Joseph History – Jesse James Home" Archived April 26, 2006, at the Wayback Machine, City of St. Joseph, Missouri
80. ^ "Jesse James Depository financial institution Museum". Retrieved March eleven, 2012.
81. ^ "Bank Site." Northfield Historical Society.
82. ^ "Asdee—where Jesse James's ancestors originated—County Kerry, Ireland", 1st Stop County Kerry, accessed June 20, 2008
83. ^ Steele, Philip W. "Jesse and Frank James: The Family History". Pelican Publishing, 1987, p. 27.
84. ^ Ireland and the Americas: Culture, Politics, and History: a Multidisciplinary Encyclopedia, Book 2, edited by: James Patrick Byrne, Philip Coleman, Jason Francis Male monarch, pp. 475–476.
85. ^ "Kentucky: 225 Years on the Move". Kentucky Historical Order.
86. ^ "NPS - Page In-Progress". world wide web.nps.gov.
87. ^ wswietek@bgdailynews.com, WES SWIETEK. "Lost River has unique history, role every bit 'urban oasis'". Bowling Green Daily News.
88. ^ Garrison, Webb (November 3, 1998). A Treasury of Minnesota Tales: Unusual, Interesting, and Little-Known Stories of Minnesota. Thomas Nelson. p. 42. ISBN9781418530624.
89. ^ "Defeat of Jesse James Days". Djjd.org. Retrieved September 6, 2012.
90. ^ "Jesse James Festival." JesseJamesFestival.com.
91. ^ "Jersey County Victorian Festival." Archived October 29, 2007, at the Wayback Machine GreatRiverRoad.com.
92. ^ "Logan Canton Tobacco & Heritage Festival 2017". Logan County Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved Dec 5, 2017.
93. ^ Jesse James Outlaw Roundup Festival on Facebook

Bibliography

• Fellman, Michael. Within War: The Guerrilla Conflict in Missouri onto the American Civil War. Oxford University Press, 1990. ISBN 0-19-506471-2.
• Settle, William A. Jesse James Was His Name, or, Fact and Fiction Concerning the Careers of the Notorious James Brothers of Missouri'. University of Nebraska Press, 1977. ISBN 0-8032-5860-7.
• Stiles, T. J. Jesse James: Last Rebel of the Ceremonious War. Knopf Publishing, 2002. ISBN 0-375-40583-6.
• Yeatman, Ted P. Frank and Jesse James: The Story Behind the Legend. Cumberland House Publishing, 2000. ISBN 1-58182-325-eight.
• Quist, B. Wayne, The History of the Christdala Evangelical Swedish Lutheran Church of Millersburg, Minnesota, Dundas, Minnesota, Third Edition, July 2009, folio 19–23, The Murder of Nicholaus Gustafson.

Further reading

• Dyer, Robert. "Jesse James and the Civil War in Missouri,"University of Missouri Press, 1994
• Hobsbawm, Eric J. Bandits, Pantheon, 1981
• Koblas, John J. Faithful Unto Death, Northfield Historical Gild Printing, 2001
• Smith, Carter F. Gangs and the Armed forces: Gangsters, Bikers, and Terrorists with Military Grooming. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2017.
• Thelen, David. Paths of Resistance: Tradition and Dignity in Industrializing Missouri, Oxford University Printing, 1986
• Wellman, Paul I. A Dynasty of Western Outlaws. Doubleday, 1961; 1986.
• White, Richard. "Outlaw Gangs of the Heart Border: American Social Bandits," Western Historical Quarterly 12, no. 4 (October 1981)

External links

• Primary sources and essays past Jesse James biographer T. J. Stiles
• Official website for the Family of Jesse James
• Expiry pics Jesse James
• Jesse James at Curlie
• FBI Records: The Vault - Jesse James at fbi.gov
• A 1901 newspaper interview with the Younger brothers
• Death of Jesse James with pictures from the National Archives and Library of Congress

• Jesse James on IMDb

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jesse_James

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